25 Measuring Religion in Pew Research Centers American Trends Panel, Pew Research Center, January 14, 2021, https://www.pewforum.org/2021/01/14/measuring-religion-in-pew-research-centers-american-trends-panel/. 21 Chakravorty, Kapur, and Singh, The Other One Percent, table 4.4 and figure 4.14. Therefore, it is likely that the sample does not fully represent the South Asian American population and could skew in favor of those who have strong views about caste. These patterns break down quite differently by religion, however (see figure 8). Because the results are largely the same, this study only reports results from the former. And to what extent are these differences being driven by political polarization in the country of origin (in this case, India)? Although Indian Americans do not appear to be among the primary targets of this violenceas they were in the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacksthe disquieting crime wave has cast a spotlight on the bigotry and violence many Asian immigrant populations experience in the United States.9, The official classification and self-identities of the Indian American community have posed a conundrum for more than a century, from Hindoo to Asian to South Asian to Asian Indian to Indian American to American. Indeed, even the use of the term Indian American is contested, as some members of the diaspora prefer the term South Asian American,10 which signifies solidarity with other groups hailing from the subcontinent. As the figure demonstrates, religion leads the way59 percent of Indian Americans believe it is responsible for creating internal divisions in the community. 17 This compares with 60 percent as per data from the 2018 ACS. Most immigrants (77%) are in the country legally, while almost a quarter are unauthorized, according to new Pew Research Center estimates based on census data adjusted for undercount. In a complex, changing, and increasingly contested world, the Carnegie Endowment generates strategic ideas and independent analysis, supports diplomacy, and trains the next generation of international scholar-practitioners to help countries and institutions take on the most difficult global problems and safeguard peace. The heightened levels of discrimination that U.S.-born respondents report compared to immigrants hold true across categorieswhether skin color, gender, religion, or even caste. Overall, the Indian American population is highly educated compared to the U.S. average (see figure 3), as other studies have suggested.19 Nearly three-fourths have a college education40 percent of respondents have completed a postgraduate education and another 33 percent have finished four years of undergraduate study. The survey, drawing on both citizens and non-citizens in the United States, was conducted online using YouGovs proprietary panel of 1.8 million Americans and has an overall margin of error of +/- 2.8 percent. Looking forward, immigrants and their descendants are projected to account for 88% of U.S. population growth through 2065, assuming current immigration trends continue. Responses are very divided. How might non-Indians discriminate against Indians on the basis of caste if caste is not a salient category for them? The major findings are briefly summarized below. Rankings only apply to origin countries that meet this criterion. But self-identification as a person of Indian origin tells us little about the strength of a respondents Indian identity. Once more, U.S.-born citizens lead the pack with 22 percent of them reporting participation in this activity. Among immigrants ages 5 and older, Spanish is the most commonly spoken language. Comments. Office of the Registrar General of India, Language: Indian States and Union Territories (Table C-16), Census of India 2011, Paper 1 (2018), https://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf. Among all immigrants, those from South Asia (71%) were the most likely to have a bachelors degree or more. This margin of error is calculated at the 95 percent confidence interval. The overall margin of error for the IAAS is +/- 2.8 percent. Indian Americans who are born in the United States are more likely to identify as Indian American (48 to 40 percent) and markedly less likely to identify as Indian (just 11 percent compared to 33 percent of foreign-born Indian Americans). While the social realities of Indian Americans are often glossed over, recent events have brought them to the fore. However, non-citizens are about as likely as foreign-born citizens to engage in the resolution of community issues (12 percent versus 11 percent). The length of ones stay in the United States also plays an important role in shaping self-identification. While 86 percent of Hindus report identifying with some kind of Indian identity, 71 percent of Christians and 52 percent of Muslims do the same. One way to understand the dynamics of discrimination at play is to place discrimination against Indian Americans in a comparative context. All rights reserved. We would also like to acknowledge Amy Mellon for contributing her considerable graphic design talents. Another way of examining respondents regional connections in India is to look at their linguistic backgrounds. 49 Although sample sizes are extremely small, it does seem that Hindu respondents who affirmatively identify with a caste are more likely to report discrimination on the basis of caste. What is the largest immigrant group in America? The first table lists U.S. states and the District of Columbia by annual net domestic migration, while the second table lists U.S. states and the District of Columbia by annual net international migration. As the number of Indian-origin residents in the United States has swelled north of 4 million, the community's diversity too has grown. While the majority are immigrants, a rising share is born and raised in the United States. After all, for more than two decades, the Indian diaspora in the United States has been a critical bridge-builder between the two countries.52 But with divisions in the community more apparent and increasingly linked to political disputes in India, we have suggested elsewhere that the diasporas unity of purpose could suffer a setback.53. Two percent of respondents identify as Other, indicating that none of the declared options satisfy them, while just 1 percent identify as Non-resident Indian, the official appellation used by the Government of India to refer to Indian passport holders living outside of India. Another 6 percent were born in either Bangladesh or Pakistan. The survey also asks respondents about their educational attainment, which provides insight into the socioeconomic profile of Indians in America. The reverse is true when it comes to identifying as Indian: the majority of Indian Americans who have lived in the United States between one and ten years (54 percent) feel most comfortable with this term, while that share declines to just 21 percent for those here for more than twenty-five years. There is some evidence to suggest that there are vintage effects: the longer a respondent has spent in the United States, the less emphasis they place on their Indian identityperhaps a reflection of their gradual integration into their adopted homeland. Figure 19 displays the responses to this question, collapsing five response categories into three for ease of exposition. For instance, for Indian Americans who skeptically view the rise of Hindu majoritarianism in India, it is unclear how they might apportion blame given that religion, leadership, and political parties are all deeply intertwined, especially in the current political scenario. Additionally, a narrow focus on demographics such as income, wealth, education, and professional success can obscure important (and sometimes uncomfortable) social truths. The term net international migration describes the total number of people moving to a state from another country minus people moving to another country from that state. Thirty-seven percent of Congress supporters are somewhat comfortable having friends who support the BJP (identical to the share of BJP supporters who are somewhat comfortable having Congress friends), but just 23 percent say they are very comfortable having BJP supporters as friends (for BJP supporters, the analogous share is 35 percent). The survey asks respondents whether they participate in a set of holidays, some associated with India and others that are either associated with the United States or are more global in nature. Media reports about caste discrimination in the technology hub of Silicon Valleywhere a large number of Indian Americans are employedand a heated controversy over whether caste should be a part of history textbooks in the state of California have brought the issue to the forefront once more.28 A 2018 survey of 1,500 South Asian Americans found that many low-caste members of numerous diaspora communities had endured firsthand experience of caste discrimination. The western state of Gujarat emerges as the most common home state, with 14 percent of respondents calling it their home, followed by Maharashtra (12 percent), Andhra Pradesh (10 percent), and Tamil Nadu (9 percent). Foreign-born Indian Americans are much more likely to commemorate Diwali, Holi, and Indian Independence Day than respondents born in the United States. These views, in turn, are further affected both by selection effects (who emigrates) and political dynamics in the country of settlement. First, as noted above, the data on caste identification is restricted to Hindu respondents. Members of the Indian American communityboth individually and collectivelyare mobilizing in response. These are not merely academic questions. Interestingly, among IAAS respondents, Diwali emerges as the most celebrated holiday63 percent of respondents report that they celebrate the Indian festival of lights (see figure 16). Respondents for this survey were recruited from an existing panel administered by YouGov. Although the latter difference in perceptions of caste discrimination is tiny, it is nonetheless interesting given the lower degree of caste consciousness among U.S.-born Indian Americans. An estimated 50.6 million American residents, or a little more than 15% of the countrys 331.4 million inhabitants, were born abroad. according to a 2015 Pew Research Center survey, Texas, Washington, New York and California, California (24%), Texas (11%) and Florida (10%), 7.6 million immigrant workers are unauthorized immigrants, drive future growth in the U.S. working-age population, Spanish is the most commonly spoken language, more apprehensions of non-Mexicans than Mexicans, Key facts about U.S. immigration policies and Bidens proposed changes, Most Latinos say U.S. immigration system needs big changes, 60% of Americans Would Be Uncomfortable With Provider Relying on AI in Their Own Health Care, The changing face of Congress in 8 charts. India tops that list in 21 states. This study is the third in a series on the social, political, and foreign policy attitudes of Indian Americans. The survey asks respondents to identify the primary language (other than English) spoken by their mothera narrow, literal definition of the concept of ones mother tongue. Further methodological details can be found in Appendix A, along with a state-wise map of survey respondents. Interestingly, while three-fourths of respondents identify with an Indian nomenclature, this masks exactly how that term is used. Thirty-six percent of Hindus with a household income below $50,000 identify with caste, but that share rises to 50 percent among households making between $50,000$100,000 and 52 percent for those above $100,000. Responses are divided neatly into thirds when it comes to who is doing the discriminating: Indians, non-Indians, and people of both categories are almost equally to blame.49. But in New Jersey, where there is a significant concentration of Indian Americans, Indian Americans are more likely to associate with their own. From 2001 to 2018, a majority (60%) of immigrants deported have not been convicted of a crime. One percent of respondents point to some other factor. On the other end of the spectrum, 30 percent of Indian Americans born in the United States answer that being Indian is either somewhat or very unimportant to their identitya response given by just 17 percent of foreign-born Indian Americans. Respondents who support neither the BJP nor the Congresslisted as Otherappear more favorably inclined toward the Congress. The population of immigrants is also very diverse, with just about every country in the world represented among U.S. immigrants. This map displays the top origin regions of immigrants in the United States (default view), based on 2009-2013 American Community Survey data. Immigration will continue to shape our communities for generations to come. He is the author of several books, including Diaspora, Development, and Democracy: The Impact of International Migration from India on India and The Other One Percent: Indians in America (with Sanjoy Chakravorty and Nirvikar Singh). and the fact that the largest immigrant group in West Virginia is from The Philippines. White immigrants to America, 80 percent . 15 While this study reports sample sizes as raw totals, all analyses include sampling weights, meaning that the proportions and means discussed here are weighted, unless otherwise noted. . Results From the 2020 Indian American Attitudes Survey, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, October 14, 2020, https://carnegieendowment.org/2020/10/14/how-will-indian-americans-vote-results-from-2020-indian-american-attitudes-survey-pub-82929. Mexican immigrants remain Minnesota's largest immigrant group, but the number of Mexican immigrants living in the state declined over the past decade. Fifty percent of respondents who have been in the United States for ten years or less say that being Indian is very important to their identity, compared to 42 percent for those who have been in the United States for more than twenty-five years. born outside the US varies widely from state to state, Here's how many people in each state were born outside the US, 2 maps that show how every state's economy would suffer if Trump shuts down the US-Mexico border, This map shows that each US state is basically its own country, Here's the highest-paying job in every US state. The results are shown in figure 22. 13Sumitra Badrinathan, Devesh Kapur, and Milan Vaishnav, How Do Indian Americans View India? In the 1820s, nearly 60,000 Irish immigrated to the United States. In both instances, roughly three-quarters of perpetrators were identified as non-Indians. He was previously a James C. Gaither Junior Fellow. Share with Friends Add To Playlist. By the 1930s, Italians were the largest immigrant group in the nation and in nine states, including New York, Louisiana, New Jersey and Nevada. Where does this leave the Indian American community and its role in promoting U.S.-India relations? The variation in respondents feelings of Indian-ness begs the question of how Indian Americans navigate multiple identities linked both to their country of origin as well as their country of settlement. Results From the 2020 Indian American Attitudes Survey, How Will Indian Americans Vote? . If the rate of population growth and influx of new immigrants from the region continues in the next couple of years, Asians will be the largest immigrant group by 2055 according to the Center. Send a Message. Only adult respondents (ages eighteen and above) who identified as Indian American or a person of (Asian) Indian origin were able to participate in the survey. Immigrants from Mexico have the lowest rates of English proficiency (34%), followed by those from Central America (35%), East and Southeast Asia (50%) and South America (56%). However, when compared to their foreign-born counterparts, U.S.-born Indian Americans are four times as likely to report having a spouse or partner who is of Indian origin but born in the United States (31 percent versus 8 percent). Respondents are classified as belonging to one of three categories: U.S.-born citizen, foreign-born citizen, and non-citizen. However, non-citizens and foreign-born citizens report nonparticipation at roughly twice the rate of U.S.-born citizens: 47 and 41 percent, respectively, compared to 22 percent of U.S.-born citizens. El Salvador 17,907. The IAAS asks respondents how they self-identify; after all, identities are liminal and individuals might identify with any number of identity categories. But this remains a minority view: 40 percent of Indian Americans do not believe that domestic politics are dividing the Indian diaspora in the United States. The smaller the size of a given group, the fewer opportunities individuals have of meeting someone from their same group. The second part examines the social networks of Indians in America and how they vary by respondents demographic characteristics. 18 An additional 5 percent of respondents report not having an OCI card or being unsure of their OCI status. 34 Badrinathan, Kapur, and Vaishnav, How Do Indian Americans View India?, 2022. By the 1980s, Mexicans became the nation's largest immigrant group; by 2013, they were the largest immigrant group in 33 states. Forty-eight percent of respondents report that most or all of their Indian friends share their religious faith, while another 36 percent report that some of their friends are coreligionists. In 2018, most immigrants lived in just 20 major metropolitan areas, with the largest populations in the New York, Los Angeles and Miami metro areas. Fifty-one percent of Democrats say they are somewhat comfortable with Republican friends and 22 percent say they are not comfortable (more than twice the number of Republicans who felt that way about Democrats). As the number and/or concentration of Indian Americans in a geography increases, one might expect that respondents social networks might become more insular. The actual change is expected to come in 2055, when Asians will become the largest immigrant group at 36 percent, compared with Hispanics at 34 percent. The low rate of political giving for non-citizens is expected given that non-citizens are forbidden from making political donations unless they are permanent residents (that is, they possess a green card). This study relied on a nonrepresentative snowball sampling method to recruit respondents. This section explores how Indian Americans view the subject of their own identity. 2023 Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Top editors give you the stories you want delivered right to your inbox each weekday. The share of Indian Americans who pray either several times a day or once a day is slightly below the U.S. average (46 percent according to Pew survey data).26 Another 20 percent of Indian Americans report taking part in prayer a few times a week or once a week, while 11 percent pray at least a few times a month. They are more likely to say they are very comfortable having Democratic than Republican friends, and three times as many say they would not be comfortable having close Republican friends than close Democratic friends. In 2017, the Trump administration deported 295,000 immigrants, the lowest total since 2006. Fifty-eight percent of Christians report attending church at least once or several times per week. The survey asks a follow-up question to respondents who report having any friends of Indian origin (of the entire sample of 1,200 respondents, 1,093 fall into this category): Among your Indian origin friends, how many a) belong to the same religion as you; b) are from same region of India as you; and c) are of the same caste as you? The purpose of this question is to investigate whether Indian-origin social networks are internally homogenous or heterogeneous. Forty percent of respondents report praying either several times a day or once a daysignificantly more than the 27 percent of the sample that attends religious services at least once a week. Sixty-four percent of this subset of respondents were naturalized after the year 2000, while the remainder received U.S. citizenship before that. These data suggest that the vast majority of the Indian immigrant population in the United States were already highly educated prior to arriving in the country. It Depends on the Measure, Pew Research Center, June 17, 2014, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/06/17/which-party-is-more-to-blame-for-political-polarization-it-depends-on-the-measure/. The first, released in October 2020, explored the political attitudes and preferences of Indian Americans in advance of the November 2020 U.S. presidential election.12 The second, published in February 2021, explored how Indian Americans view changes underway in Indian politics.13, Indian Americans are the second-largest immigrant group in the United States.14. For instance, the social networks of an Indian American in Wyoming (where there are very few Indian Americans) will likely be dominated by non-Indian Americans. Immigrants in the U.S. as a whole have lower levels of education than the U.S.-born population. The US is a nation of immigrants from all around the world. 57 For the methodological intuition behind this approach, see Douglas Rivers and Delia Bailey, Inference From Matched Samples in the 2008 U.S. National Elections, Proceedings of the Survey Research Methods Section of the American Statistical Association 2009, http://www.asasrms.org/Proceedings/y2009/Files/303309.pdf. Thirteen percent of respondents are Muslim, 11 percent are Christian, and another 7 percent belong to a variety of other faiths including Buddhism and Sikhism. Its findings are based on a nationally representative online survey of 1,200 Indian American residents in the United Statesthe 2020 Indian American Attitudes Survey (IAAS)conducted between September 1 and September 20, 2020, in partnership with the research and analytics firm YouGov. Most likely to commemorate Diwali, Holi, and Vaishnav, how Indian... 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Religion in Pew Research Center, June 17, 2014, https: //carnegieendowment.org/2020/10/14/how-will-indian-americans-vote-results-from-2020-indian-american-attitudes-survey-pub-82929 15 % of the 331.4., those from South Asia ( 71 % ) of immigrants from around! Whether Indian-origin social networks are internally homogenous or heterogeneous reporting participation in this case, India ) report church. Center, January 14, 2021, https: //www.pewforum.org/2021/01/14/measuring-religion-in-pew-research-centers-american-trends-panel/ an estimated 50.6 million American,... With just about every country in the United States section explores how Indian Americans believe it is responsible for internal. Of immigrants from all around the world represented among U.S. immigrants roughly three-quarters perpetrators! Research Centers American Trends Panel, Pew Research Centers American Trends Panel, Pew Research Center, June,... 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June 17, 2014, https: //www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/06/17/which-party-is-more-to-blame-for-political-polarization-it-depends-on-the-measure/ all, identities are liminal and individuals identify. Glossed over, recent events have brought them to the United States 2.8 percent 2001 2018. Several times per week times per week a respondents Indian identity whole have lower levels education! Report attending church at least once or several times per week or.. Purpose of this question, collapsing five response categories into three for ease of exposition immigrants in.
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