15. Taken alongside evidence that bacteria that produce pyomelanin, a cousin to melanin, thrive in soil contaminated with uranium,26and the findings that exposure to ionizing radiation actually promotes the growth of certain melanized fungal species inhabiting nuclear reactors, space stations, and the Antarctic mountains, it seems plausible that melanin allows certain organisms to eat radiation.27A study published inPLOSONErevealed that melanin-containing fungal cells saw increased growth relative to nonmelanized cells after exposure to ionizing radiation and that the irradiated melanin from these fungi also changed its electronic properties, which the study noted raised intriguing questions about a potential role for melanin in energy capture and utilization.28. The chemical energy liberated via the dissociation and subsequent charge separation of the water molecule by melanin, in fact, has been estimated to meet over 90 percent of cellular energy needs.17, Research on the melanin-rich intraocular organ pecten in birds explains many phenomena that have eluded scientific explanation, including avian metabolism, bioenergetics, and flight mechanics, and gives us clues about our own bodies ability to use melanin for the purposes of energy. In this way, melanin nanoshells may be used to contain radiation from radioactive waste and biomedical radioactive materials. 4.37. on February 23, 2016, THIS WORK HAS BEEN BANNED EVERYWHERE/ SAVE IT - PRINT - SPREAD FOR. Polymerization of exogenous substrates in this fungus occurs under the action of laccase [19]. Several biological functions of melanins are closely associated to their chemical composition and structure. Given its function as an evolutionarily encoded heuristic that has allowed the human brain to rapidly identify in-group versus out-group dynamics, it has played a role in genocide, slavery, and the rise and fall of civilizations, all of which have been at least partly due to misperceptions about what it means to have more or less melanin in the skin. How? Medical treatments using radiation such as external beam radiation therapy for cancer patients can damage bone marrow resulting in debilitating side effects. In recent years, efforts have been focused on investigating the potential use of this pigment as active material in tissue repair engineering. Melanin possesses physicochemical properties and biological activities that make it a suitable biomaterial for a wide range of applications in cosmetic, pharmaceutical, electronic, and food processing industries. During the optimization experiments to enhance the production of melanin by Auricularia auricula, it was observed that soluble starch, tyrosine, peptone, CaCO3, and K2HPO4 had positive effects, while glucose, (NH4)2SO4, MgSO4, CuSO4, and FeSO4 negatively impacted melanin production [46]. Licensee IntechOpen. This result is related to melanin production during growth of the MEL1 mutant, since the biomass 48 hours is slightly pigmented, while the 72 hours biomass is dark due to the increased production of pigment [157]. Without adequate vitamin D, our genome would completely destabilize, and immune balance would become disturbed, so the reduction of melanin to augment vitamin D status likely saved the lives of humans who migrated to cooler climates. This pigment has been reported to act as fungal armor due to its ability to protect fungi from adverse conditions, neutralizing oxidants generated in response to stress. WebMelanin: The Chemical Keys to Black Greatness (Vol. The results obtained in our laboratory using a melanin-overproducing mutant (MEL1) from A. nidulans fungus [31, 93] showed that biosorption capacity for neodymium and lanthanum varied with stage of growth of this mutant; the biomass obtained after 72 hours of growth exhibited a 75% increase compared to the biomass of 48 hours. The presence of melanin in the cell wall is also correlated with enhanced virulence of parasitic fungi, as Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, Sporothrix schenckii, and Exophiala (Wangiella) dermatitidis [17, 20, 21]. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. In order to compensate for the decreased availability of sunlight, the human body rapidly adjusted, potentially removing the natural sunscreen, melanin, from the skin since it interferes with the production ofvitamin D, a hormone that participates in governing the expression of more than 2,000 genes. The first known organic semiconductor,15it is a black substance prominent in eyes, skin, hair, scales, and feathers, and it can also be found in the mammalian central nervous system. Besides, the microorganisms produce an extraordinary range of pigments that include several chemical classes such as carotenoids, melanins, flavins, phenazines, quinones, monascins, violacein, or indigo, as shown in Table1. Vittorio Brena Back To Tokyo / Yesenia. I) by Carol Barnes Melanin: The Organizing Molecule Berkley CA: Institute for the Study of Consciousnesses (Thesis) Message To The Blackman in America by Elijah Muhammad Metu Neter Vol. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn citations and find new collaborators, meaning more people see your work not only from your own field of study, but from other related fields too. Not only can melanin convert light into heat, but new research raises the possibility that it can also transform other forms of radiation into metabolically useful forms of energy. All the mice were administered high levels of radiation, far surpassing the dose considered dangerous for humans. Genres History. Melanin is a biological molecule associated with pigmentation in humans and animals. Recent studies have demonstrated that, in addition to the ability of transferring electrons arising under the action of radiation, melanin also possesses ionic conductivity due to its ability to transform any type of radiation energy not only into heat but also use it for the maintenance of redox processes in cells [118]. WebThe book features nearly all unknown secrets. Various techniques, including electron paramagnetic resonance [75], X-ray diffraction [76], infrared, ultraviolet and visible spectroscopy [77], and nuclear magnetic resonance [78], have been used to elucidate the melanin structure from different organisms. Cracks in 100% nearly all topic of importance to you, like. The melanin-mediated nanostructures with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against food pathogens may be considered suitable for many practical food packaging applications because they can effectively inhibit the growth of pathogens and increase the shelf life of packed food products [124]. Comparison of the catecholamines L-dopa, methyldopa, epinephrine, and norepinephrine shows differences in term of color, yield, and thickness of the cell wall melanin layer. WebTHE GREAT BOOK OF MELANIN RESEARCH!!! This book, is designed to familiarize the Black Human with Melanin and its importance to life, memory processes, ancient African history, sunlight, music, dancing, anti-aging, anti-cancer, religion, electromagnetism, and any other scientific and cultural parameters. As shown in Table1, some fungal species produce a dark-brown pigment, known as melanin. Hermit93 2,799 views May 25, 2018 163 Dislike Share REEL NAGAS 28.5K subscribers Order Your Copy of the Great Book of Melanin Research Today!!! UNITED KINGDOM, Sandra R. Pombeiro-Sponchiado, Gabriela S. Sousa, Jazmina C. R. The precursor of melanin in Agaricus bisporus and other Basidiomycetes is a metabolite of the shikimic acid pathway--glutaminyl-4-hydroxybenzene oxidized under the action of peroxidase and/or phenolase into -glutaminyl-3,4-benzoquinone, followed by its polymerization [80]. Another study of the biocompatibility of melanin thin films demonstrated that the melanin film effectively supports the growth of undifferentiated stem cells and their differentiation into neuronal precursors and neurons [146]. [145] reported that thin films of melanin were found to enhance Schwann cell growth and neurite extension in rat pheochromocytoma cells (PC12 cells) compared to collagen films in vitro. In literature, studies have confirmed that fungal melanin acts as metal chelators, enhancing the biomass-metal interaction and consequently its biosorption capacity [14]. Write a reviewor get your copy ofREGENERATE here. Our studies demonstrated that melanin extracted from a highly melanized mutant (MEL1) of A. nidulans inhibited NO production in LPS-stimulated macrophages, with a maximum response of 82% inhibition, and also showed a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on TNF- production, reaching an inhibition of 51.86% at a melanin concentration of 100 g/mL. Microbial pigment production is now one of the emerging fields of research due to its potential for various industrial applications, as foodstuff, cosmetics, pharmaceutical, and textile manufacturing processes. Since the substrates for the production of pigment strongly influence the cost of the bioprocess, there is a need to select cheap and efficient substrates to make the process economically viable on the industrial scale. Potential also exists to use melanin films as an effective radiation sensitizer that could greatly improve the spectral range and efficiency of superconducting transition-edge bolometers [137]. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. WebIt is in the melanocytes that melanin is produced. Watch on QUALIFIED IMMUNITY PACKAGES POLICE STOP/ LAW & GOV FLASHCARDS (PSFC) & (LGFC) Goodman and Bercovich, Melanin Directly Converts Light for VertebrateMetabolic Use, 190-202. [34] reported that the extracellular melanin produced by the fungus S. commune was effective against human epidermoid larynx carcinoma cell line (HEP-2) in a concentration-dependent manner, indicating its potential application in cancer chemoprevention and chemotherapy. We also showed that the toxicity of A. nidulans melanin on mouse fibroblast McCoy cell line, after metabolic activation with hepatic S9 microsomal fraction, was much lesser (CI50 = 413.4 3.1 g/mL) than known cytotoxic agents such as cyclophosphamide (CI50 = 15 1.2 g/mL). Several studies have shown that the composition of the growth medium, nature and concentration of carbon and nitrogen sources, minerals, vitamins, temperature, pH, the presence of oxygen and aeration, light, stress, and irradiation, among others, affect the growth and pigment production in fungi and that the manipulation of the culture conditions can result in enhanced pigment production [4147]. About the author. WebK12 School Digital and Curricular Classroom Materials - NGL 23 (2012): 8943-47,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1119948109. In order to improve performance and reduce the cost of pigments produced by microbial fermentation, it is essential to identify the nutritional and physical factors that have a greater influence on the cell growth and metabolite biosynthesis [4, 6, 39, 40]. The potential of using filamentous fungi as pigment sources is due to their extraordinary metabolic versatility because they can be cultivated over a wide range of temperatures (1050C), pH (211), salinity (034%), and water activity (0.61) and under oligotrophic or nutrient-rich conditions. isolated from a wall surface, suggesting the application of these nanoparticles as effective paint additives. From trees to flowers to food to energy you will find this one extremely rare. WebLiving Color is the first book to investigate the social history of skin color from prehistory to the present, showing how our body's most visible trait influences our social interactions in profound and complex ways. An ideal pigment-producing microorganism should be capable of using a wide range of C and N sources; must be tolerant to pH, temperature, and minerals concentration; and must give reasonable pigments yield. WebMelanin, the What, the Why and the How: An Introductory Review for Materials Scientists Interested in Flexible and Versatile Polymers A. Bernardus Mostert Citation:Mostert, A.B. Feb 19, 2023. This would explain the increased growth rate, even under low nutrient conditions, in certain kinds of gamma-irradiated fungi. Studies have shown that melanin of zoopathogenic and phytopathogenic fungi is essential for their parasitizing, due to its antioxidant properties [101]. During an inflammatory response, cells of the innate and acquired immune systems release a variety of mediators, such as nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-), interleukins (IL), and the reactive nitrogen and oxygen species, which are implicated in the pathogenesis of a number of inflammatory diseases [112]. Studies in our laboratory showed that melanin extracted from hyperpigment-productive mutant (MEL1) of A. nidulans has the ability to scavenge the biological oxidants, as HOCl, and may be a promising material in cosmetic formulations to protect the skin against possible oxidative damage [31]. London, SW7 2QJ, Melanin produced by Schizophyllum commune showed high free radical scavenging activity in a dose-dependent manner, when the melanin concentration was increased from 10 to 50 g, the scavenging activity was also increased from 87% to 96%, similar to those obtained using ascorbic acid (standard compound used to measure free radical scavenging activity) [34]. 306 ratings 30 reviews. Contact our London head office or media team here. Vittorio Brena Back To Tokyo / Yesenia. Watch on QUALIFIED IMMUNITY PACKAGES POLICE STOP/ LAW & GOV FLASHCARDS (PSFC) & (LGFC) Amazon.com: Melanin Research Foundation: Books 1 result RESULTS Melanin: Energy from Light and the Soul's Ascent by Melanin Research Foundation | May 3, 2015 20 Kindle $399$6.12 Available instantly Paperback $612 FREE delivery Sat, Dec 10 on $25 of items shipped by Amazon Need help? 28. IV, Computational Cell Biology: v. 20 (Interdisciplinary Applied Mathematics), Methods and Tools for Collaborative Networked Organizations. Due to a planned power outage on Friday, 1/14, between 8am-1pm PST, some services may be impacted. The Melanin Empath Discover the Knowledge of Melanated Beings Born With Empath Energy Author: Jade Asikiwe Publisher: ISBN: Category: Body, Mind & Spirit Page: 278 View: 702 DOWNLOAD NOW 2020-10-27 in Cindy Sewell The Melanin Empath Survival and Healing Guide to Discover Melanated Beings and Avoid Damage from Negative Energy Author: Cindy Sewell It was reported that melanin isolated from the fungus G. simplex reduced the radiation-induced overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-), which might help in the recovery from radiation injury by preventing the aggravation of inflammation and oxidative stress [33]. neuromelanin. WebFor those important aspects of pigment cell research that do not fall entirely within the scope of the study, such as human cutaneous melanoma or non-cutaneous melanogenesis, and for a more detailed discussion of melanins, melanogenesis, and their applications, the readers are referred to a number of reviews (e.g. Microorganisms are also more feasible sources of pigments in comparison to pigments extracted from plants and animals because they do not have seasonal constraints, do not compete for limited farming land with actual foods, and can be produced easily in the cheap culture medium with high yields [16]. In species of Monascus, the pH influences the yield and quality of the produced pigment, with the highest red pigment excretion and production at alkaline pH [51, 52]. These results showed that melanin thin films have great potential in the reconstruction of tissues, being biodegradable, and possess inflammatory response comparable to silicone. Synthetic melanin thin films deposited by spray-coating presented features ascribed to an amorphous semiconducting material [134]. I have summarised and bulletpointed his main points. Owing to its semiconductor property, melanin becomes a promising material for organic bioelectronic devices like transistors, sensors, and batteries [121]. Fungi constitute a valuable source of pigments because they are capable of producing high yields of the substance in the cheap culture medium, making the bioprocess economically viable on the industrial scale. Hairlessness would have increased our ability to produce vitamin D, an essential component for neurological development and the neuroplasticity and interconnectivity essential for intelligencenot to mention for the stability of our entire genome. Among microbial species, fungi represent an economically significant source of these compounds because they can act as microbial cell factories producing high yields of metabolites with great diverse chemical structures combined with ease of large-scale cultivation [79]. Large amounts of agro-industrial residues generated from diverse economic activities have attracted strong industry interest on the utilization of these residues as inexpensive substrates to support the growth of microorganisms in bioprocesses. The incorporation of the melanin in solid plastic films of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA-melanin film system) to be used in conjunction with other plastics to make laminated sheets or lenses, including sunglasses, ski goggles, ophthalmic prescription lenses, helmets, windows, light filters for artificial lighting, and other light filters that protect people from potentially damaging UV and high-energy visible light has also been reported [141]. Print length 103 pages Language English Publisher Lushena Books Publication date Visit the help section or contact us Eligible for Free Shipping Rate this book. The evolutionary reason, however, is hard to pin down. This pigment protects the conidia against digestion by proteases and hydrolases secreted by competitive microorganisms or against bactericidal and fungicidal proteins of animal origin, such as defensins, magainins, or protegrins [22]. In Agaricus bisporus, melanins are formed from DOPA by tyrosinase and from -glutaminyl-4-hydroxybenzene by peroxidase and phenolase [100]. In the black yeast Hortaea werneckii, it was observed that rice bran acts as the cheapest source for increased production of melanin by than wheat bran and coconut cake [72]. Humans with lighter skin tones may have gained vitamin D accessibility at the expense of the ability to convert sunlight into metabolic energy. WebThis volume goes over the brain hemispheres, history of religion, Black founders of civilization, the Sun, cosmology and cosmogony, the subjective and objective realms of being, analysis of cosmological system and view of man, spiritual anatomy of man, types of man and the cultivation of the spiritual man, the Tree of Life initiation system, In another provocative study published in the journalToxicology and Applied Pharmacology, researchers extracted melanin from the fungusGliocephalotrichum simplexand gave it to mice just before exposing them to gamma radiation, increasing their 30-day survival by 100 percent. 4 (April 2009): 2009 Apr; 10(4): 1419-1429,https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms10041419. 29. I) by Carol Barnes Melanin: The Organizing Molecule Berkley CA: Institute for the Study of Consciousnesses (Thesis) Message To The Blackman in America by Elijah Muhammad Metu Neter Vol. The Management of Quality in Construction, Political Science. creating Mind Altering, DNA Re-Ordering Educational Videos!!! Print length 103 pages Language English Publisher Lushena Books Publication date web pages Keywords fungi pigment melanin (PDF) melanin melanin Authors: Dr Sumanta Mondal GITAM (Deemed to be University) Abstract Melanin is a natural skin pigment. Very likely, melanin photoprotection is also due to its ability to quench excited states of certain molecules and scavenge ROS that may be generated in pigmented cells [126]. From trees to flowers to food to energy you will find this one extremely rare. 1: the Great Oracle of Tehuti and the Egyptian System of Spiritual Cultivation by Ra Un Nefer Amen This result shows that the increased biomass does not necessarily result in increased pigment production because pigments produced by fungi are secondary metabolites whose production usually occurs at the late growth phase (idiophase) of these microorganisms [61]. Edited by was evaluated in the presence of 10 different carbon sources, and the maximum mycelial growth was obtained with fructose, whereas the maximum pigment production was obtained with soluble starch [60]. The pigment production capability of fungal species belonging to the genera Penicillium, Aspergillus, Epicoccum, Lecanicillium, and Fusarium was evaluated in different culture media, and the results showed that the complex media, as potato dextrose (PD) and malt extract (ME), favored increased pigment production [47]. Research on the melanin-rich intraocular organ pecten in birds explains many phenomena that have eluded scientific explanation, including avian metabolism, bioenergetics, and flight mechanics, and gives us clues about our own bodies ability to use melanin for the purposes of energy. The presence of unpaired electrons in the melanin structure is responsible for various properties, including antioxidant, semiconductor, optical, electronic, and radio- and photoprotective [19]. Melanin: What Makes Black People Black. In the Ascomycota fungi, melanin pigment is generally synthesized from the pentaketide pathway in which 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) is the immediate precursor of the polymer, as described by Bell and Wheeler [11] based on genetic and biochemical evidence obtained from Verticillium dahliae and W. dermatitidis [84, 85]. According to the authors, melanin nanoparticles could successfully enter into the tumor and act as an efficient drug-delivery system, thereby greatly increasing the safe utility of the drugs for tumor treatment and significantly lowering the dosage used and its side effects. 16. For example, Aspergillus fumigatus synthesizes DHN-melanin [98] and also produces a second type of melanin, piomelanins, from homogentisic acid by the tyrosine degradation pathway that protects the cell wall of hyphae from ROS, and gray-green DHN-melanins determine the structural integrity of the cell wall of conidia and their adhesive properties [99]. Can damage bone marrow resulting in debilitating side effects high levels of radiation, far surpassing the dose considered for. 8Am-1Pm PST, some services may be used to contain radiation from waste! ), Methods and Tools for Collaborative Networked Organizations Tools for Collaborative Networked Organizations 23 ( 2012:... 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